Phospho-specific antibodies’ typical purpose is to enable researchers to detect changes in proteins. They will exclusively bind to the amino acid sequence on a protein that has been phosphorylated (which is both a physical & chemical change) and do not bind to the same amino acid sequence on said protein if it lacks said phosphorylation. This aids in being able to clearly see and understand the data produced from this particular protein modification.
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human cancer tissue reacted with the primary antibody, which was peroxidase-conjugated to the secondary antibody, followed by AEC staining. This data demonstrates the use of this antibody for immunohistochemistry; clinical relevance has not been evaluated. BC = breast carcinoma; HC = hepatocarcinoma.)
WB (Western Blot) (The anti-Phospho-Bad-S118 Pab is used in Western blot to detect Phospho-Bad-S118 in HL60 tissue lysate)
IHC (Immunohistochemisry) (Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human cancer tissue reacted with the primary antibody, which was peroxidase-conjugated to the secondary antibody, followed by AEC staining. This data demonstrates the use of this antibody for immunohistochemistry; clinical relevance has not been evaluated. BC = breast carcinoma; HC = hepatocarcinoma.)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of anti-Phospho-p53-T18 Pab in, from left to right, A2058, Ramos, mouse lung, mouse testis, and HL60 cell line lysates. Phospho-p53-T18(arrow) was detected using the purified Pab.)
DB (Dot Blot) (Dot blot analysis of anti-hp53-T18 Phospho-specific Pab on nitrocellulose membrane. 50ng of nonphospho-peptide or phospho-peptide were adsorbed on their respective dots. Antibody working concentration was 0.5ug per ml.)
IHC (Immunohistochemisry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma tissue using MSK1 (Phospho-Ser212) antibody.)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of extracts from colo cells (Lane 2), using MSK1 (Phospho-Ser212) Antibody. The lane on the left is treated with synthesized peptide.)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of extracts from 3T3 cells, treated with EGF (200ng/ml, 5mins), using MSK1 (Phospho-Ser212) antibody.)
DB (Dot Blot) (Dot blot analysis of ERBB2 Antibody (Phospho Y1196) Phospho-specific Pab on nitrocellulose membrane. 50ng of Phospho-peptide or Non Phospho-peptide per dot were adsorbed. Antibody working concentrations are 0.6ug per ml.)
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Fluorescent confocal image of MCF7 cells stained with phospho-ERBB2-Y1196 antibody. MCF7 cells were fixed with 4% PFA (20 min), permeabilized with Triton X-100 (0.2%, 30 min). Cells were then incubated with AAA288697 phospho-ERBB2- Y1196 primary antibody (1:100, 2 h at room temperature). For secondary antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated donkey anti-rabbit antibody (green) was used (1:1000, 1h). Nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst 33342 (blue) (10 ug/ml, 5 min). Note the highly specific localization of the phospho-ERBB2-Y1196 to the plasma membrane and cytoplasm.)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of extracts from A431 cells,untreated or treated with EGF,100ng/ml?using phospho ERBB2 Y1196 (left) or ERBB2 antibody(right))
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human cancer tissue reacted with the primary antibody, which was peroxidase-conjugated to the secondary antibody, followed by AEC staining. This data demonstrates the use of this antibody for immunohistochemistry; clinical relevance has not been evaluated. BC = breast carcinoma; HC = hepatocarcinoma.)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of anti-Bik Pab in mouse liver tissue lysate (35ug/lane). Bik(arrow) was detected using the purified Pab.)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from NIH/3T3 cells treated with starved 24h, using MEF2C (Phospho-Ser396) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human brain, using MEF2C (Phospho-Ser396) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from Jurkat cells treated with PMA 125ng/ml 30', using FADD (Phospho-Ser191) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma, using FADD (Phospho-Ser191) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from NIH/3T3 cells treated with PMA 125ng/ml 30', using DRP-2 (Phospho-Thr514) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human brain, using DRP-2 (Phospho-Thr514) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Immunofluorescence analysis of HeLa cells, using DRP-2 (Phospho-Thr514) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot
Purity
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from A2780 cells, using CDK2 (Phospho-Thr160) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma, using CDK2 (Phospho-Thr160) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from HeLa cells treated with EGF 200ng/ml 30', using p44/42 MAP Kinase (Phospho-Tyr204) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma, using p44/42 MAP Kinase (Phospho-Tyr204) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from NIH/3T3 cells treated with Anisomycin 25ug/ml 30', using HDAC6 (Phospho-Ser22) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human testis, using HDAC6 (Phospho-Ser22) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Immunofluorescence analysis of HepG2 cells, using HDAC6 (Phospho-Ser22) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot
Purity
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from HepG2 cells treated with nocodazole 1ug/ml 16h, using Retinoblastoma (Phospho-Thr826) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Immunofluorescence analysis of COS7 cells, using Retinoblastoma (Phospho-Thr826) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from Jurkat cells, using Smad3 (Phospho-Ser208) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human colon carcinoma, using Smad3 (Phospho-Ser208) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from RAW264.7 cells treated with Insulin 0.01U/ml 15', using GIRK1/KIR3.1/KCNJ3 (Phospho-Ser185) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human colon carcinoma, using GIRK1/KIR3.1/KCNJ3 (Phospho-Ser185) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Immunofluorescence analysis of HeLa cells, using GIRK1/KIR3.1/KCNJ3 (Phospho-Ser185) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot
Purity
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from NIH/3T3 cells treated with PMA, using MEF2A (Phospho-Thr312) Antibody. The lane on the left is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma, using MEF2A (Phospho-Thr312) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Immunoprecipitation, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot
Purity
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from K562 cells, using B-Myb (Phospho-Ser577/581) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Immunofluorescence analysis of HeLa cells, using B-Myb (Phospho-Ser577/581) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of EGFR phosphorylation expression in Huvec cell lysate treated with EGF (AAA124522).Electrophoresis was performed on a 5-20% SDS-PAGE gel at 70V (Stacking gel) / 90V (Resolving gel) for 2-3 hours. The sample well of each lane was loaded with 50ug of sample under reducing conditions.After Electrophoresis, proteins were transferred to a Nitrocellulose membrane at 150mA for 50-90 minutes. Blocked the membrane with 5% Non-fat Milk/ TBS for 1.5 hour at RT. The membrane was incubated with rabbit anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody overnight at 4 degree C, then washed with TBS-0.1%Tween 3 times with 5 minutes each and probed with a goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP secondary antibody at a dilution of 1:10000 for 1.5 hour at RT. The signal is developed using an Enhanced Chemiluminescent detection (ECL) kit with Tanon 5200 system. A specific band was detected for EGFR)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast cancer, using Phospho-EGFR (Y1092) Antibody (AAA124522)EGFR was detected in paraffin-embedded tissue section. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed in citrate buffer (pH6, epitope retrieval solution) for 20 mins. The tissue section was blocked with 10% goat serum. The tissue section was then incubated with 1ug/ml rabbit anti-EGFR Antibody (AAA124522)overnight at 4 degree C. Biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG was used as secondary antibody and incubated for 30 minutes at 37 degree C. The tissue section was developed using Strepavidin-Biotin-Complex (SABC) with DAB as the chromogen.)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from 293 cells treated with Etoposide 25uM 60', using p53 (Phospho-Ser392) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma, using p53 (Phospho-Ser392) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Immunofluorescence analysis of HeLa cells, using p53 (Phospho-Ser392) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot
Purity
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from A549 cells, using SP1 (Phospho-Thr453) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human brain, using SP1 (Phospho-Thr453) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Immunofluorescence analysis of HeLa cells, using SP1 (Phospho-Thr453) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot
Purity
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from HeLa cells treated with paclitaxel 1uM 24h, using TK (Phospho-Ser13) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma, using TK (Phospho-Ser13) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from COS7 cells treated with anisomycin 25ug/ml 30', using ALK (Phospho-Tyr1507) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human brain, using ALK (Phospho-Tyr1507) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from NIH/3T3 cells, using MAPKAPK2 (Phospho-Thr334) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human brain, using MAPKAPK2 (Phospho-Thr334) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from RAW264.7 cells treated with UV 30', using Tyrosine Hydroxylase (Phospho-Ser40) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human brain, using Tyrosine Hydroxylase (Phospho-Ser40) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from HepG2 cells treated with EGF 200ng/ml 5', using C/EBP-alpha (Phospho-Ser21) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human lung carcinoma, using C/EBP-alpha (Phospho-Ser21) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from COS7 cells, using CrkII (Phospho-Tyr221) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Immunofluorescence analysis of HUVEC cells, using CrkII (Phospho-Tyr221) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from COS7 cells treated with EGF 200ng/ml 30', using PLCG1 (Phospho-Tyr783) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma, using PLCG1 (Phospho-Tyr783) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from HepG2 cells treated with Na3VO4 0.3mM 40', using PLCG2 (Phospho-Tyr753) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma, using PLCG2 (Phospho-Tyr753) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from HepG2 cells treated with Na2VO3 0.3nM 40', using CBL (Phospho-Tyr674) Antibody. The lane on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human colon carcinoma, using CBL (Phospho-Tyr674) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human lung carcinoma, using ERF (Phospho-Thr526) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Immunofluorescence analysis of HeLa cells, using ERF (Phospho-Thr526) Antibody. The picture on the right is blocked with the phospho peptide.)
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
Purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using phospho peptide. The antibody against non-phospho peptide was removed by chromatography using corresponding non-phospho peptide.
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (Immunocytochemistry of AMPK alpha 1 (phospho-Ser496)(green) in hela using AMPK alpha 1 (phospho-Ser496) Rabbit mAb at dilution 1/50, and DAPI(blue))
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot detection of AMPK alpha 1 (phospho-Ser496) in Ramos cell lysates using AMPK alpha 1 (phospho-Ser496) Rabbit mAb(1:1000 diluted).Predicted band size:64kDa.Observed band size:64kDa.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemistry of PKC delta (phospho-Ser299) in paraffin-embedded Human tonsil using PKC delta (phospho-Ser299) Rabbit mAb at dilution 1/50)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot detection of phospho-PKC delta (Ser299) in A549,HL-60 cell lysates using phospho-PKC delta (Ser299) Rabbit mAb(1:1000 diluted).Predicted band size:78kDa.Observed band size:78kDa.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human transitional cell carcinoma of bladder, using Phospho-Smad2 (S255) Antibody.)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of Phospho-Smad2 (S255) expression in Hela cell treated with Okadaic acid and Calyculin A lysate.)
DB (Dot Blot) (STAT5A/B phospho Tyr694/Tyr699 rabbit pAb tested by dot blot analysis. Dot blot analysis was used to confirm the specificity of STAT5A/B phospho Tyr694/Tyr699 rabbit pAb for STAT5A/B phospho Tyr694/699. Phosphorylated peptides corresponding to the immunogen and related peptides were spotted onto PVDF and probed with the antibody at 1:30,000. The amount of peptide (picomoles) spotted is indicated next to each row. Lane 1: Unmodified Ser727 STAT1 peptide. Lane 2: Phospho Ser727 STAT1 peptide. Lane 3: Unmodified Tyr689 STAT2 peptide. Lane 4: Phospho Tyr689 STAT2 peptide. Lane 5: Unmodified Ser727 STAT3 peptide. Lane 6: Phospho Ser727 STAT3 peptide. Lane 7: Unmodified Tyr705 STAT3 peptide. Lane 8: Phospho Tyr705 STAT3 peptide. Lane 9: Unmodified Ser726 STAT5A/Ser731 STAT5B peptide. Lane 10: Phospho Ser726 STAT5A/Ser731 STAT5B peptide. Lane 11: Unmodified Tyr694 STAT5A/Tyr699 STAT5B peptide. Lane 12: Phospho Tyr694 STAT5A/Tyr699 STAT5B peptide.)
WB (Western Blot) (STAT5A/B phospho Tyr694/Tyr699 rabbit pAb tested by Western blot. Nb2 nuclear extract (20 ug per lane) was probed with STAT5A/B phospho Tyr694/Tyr699 rabbit pAb (1:2,000). Lane 1: No treatment. Lane 2: Cells treated with prolactin (25 ng/ml for 20 minutes at 37 degree C).)
DB (Dot Blot) (NFkB p65 phospho Ser529 pAb tested by dot blot analysis. Dot blot analysis was used to confirm the specificity of of NFkB p65 phospho Ser529 pAb for NFkB p65 phosphorylated at serine 529. Phosphorylated peptides corresponding to the immunogen and related peptides were spotted onto PVDF and probed with NFkB p65 phospho Ser529 pAb at 1:5,000. The amount of peptide (picomoles) spotted is indicated next to each row. Lane 1: phospho Ser276 NFkB p65 peptide. Lane 2: unmodified peptide surrounding Ser276 NFkB p65 peptide. Lane 3: phospho Ser529 NFkB p65 peptide. Lane 4: unmodified peptide surrounding Ser529 NFkB p65. Lane 5: phospho Ser536 NFkB p65 peptide. Lane 6: unmodified peptide surrounding Ser536 NFkB p65. Lane 7: phospho Ser337 NFkB p50 peptide. Lane 8: unmodified peptide surrounding Ser337 NFkB p50.)
WB (Western Blot) (NFkB p65 phospho Ser529 pAb tested by Western blot. HeLa cell extract (20 ug per lane) probed with either NFkB p65 phospho Ser529 pAb (1:1,000 dilution. Lane 1: extract derived from untreated cells. Lane 2: extract derived from cells treated with TNF-a and Calyculin.)
DB (Dot Blot) (Sp1 phospho Ser101 antibody tested by dot blot analysis. Dot blot analysis was used to confirm the specificity of Sp1 phospho Ser101 antibody for Sp1 phosphorylated at serine 101. Modified and unmodified peptides were spotted onto PVDF and probed with Sp1 phospho Ser101 antibody at a dilution of 1:5,000. The amount of peptide spotted (in picomoles) is indicated next to each row. Lane 1: Unmodified Sp1 peptide. Lane 2: Sp1 peptide phosphorylated at Serine 101.)
WB (Western Blot) (Sp1 phospho Ser101 antibody tested by Western blot. Sp1 phospho Ser101 was detected in nuclear extracts of MCF-7 cells (25 ug per lane) using Sp1 phospho Ser101 antibody at dilution of 1:500. Lane 1: No treatment. Lane 2: Cells treated with H2O2.)
Protein phosphorylation is a process where a phosphate group is added to certain amino acid residues of a protein – usually serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y) - by enzymes called kinases. This process is integral in controlling cellular signaling, cellular growth, and other biological functions.
Our catalog includes a wide range of phospho-specific antibodies that can accurately detect this important marker. They perform strongly in widely-used laboratory applications such as Western blot, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence microscopy. We value your trust in us and are committed to providing top-quality products and services. All of our antibodies are guaranteed to work for the applications and species indicated on our website & associated product pages.
What Are The Key Applications of Phospho Antibodies?
1. Western Blotting
One of the first steps a researcher can take in utilizing these phospho-specific antibodies, is to check if the antibody works using a technique referred to as “Western blot”. For those unfamiliar, Western Blot aids in showing whether the protein that the antibody recognizes is appearing at the correct/expected size. These phospho-specific antibodies should also be able to detect changes in the target protein’s phosphorylation (on/off state) when cells are stimulated in certain ways.
2. Staining of Fixed Cells (Immunocytochemistry)
Another routine use of these phospho-specific antibodies, is to test if the antibody is able to demonstrate similar performance when used on fixed cells (intact cells that have been preserved) as it did in the Western blot tests. It is an important aspect in many cases to confirm that the antibody works in actual intact cell samples. Ideally, the method used for cellular fixation should be the same as what is used in pathology labs (like using 10% formalin). To check if the antibody works well in tissue sections (FFPE), researchers will often test it on fixed cells that are processed similar to tissue samples.
3. Specificity Tests Using Peptides
In order to make sure that the antibody is only binding to the right target:
Laboratory technicians will mix the antibody with phospho-peptides (short segments of the protein containing the phosphate group modification).
If the antibody signal disappears, it is confirmation that it is binding to the correct phosphorylated location.
A more robust test is to use both the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated (dephosphorylated) versions of the protein. The antibody should react only with the phosphorylated one.
Another method sometimes utilized is to treat the sample with an enzyme, such as alkaline phosphatase, that specifically removes phosphate groups. If the antibody signal disappears after this, it also confirms specificity.
4. Genetic Confirmation
As a final step, scientists can genetically manipulate the nucleotide sequence and alter the target protein by removing the exact site where phosphorylation happens. If the antibody no longer appears to detect the modified protein, it is strong evidence supporting the antibody being specific for that phosphorylated site.
Why Buy Phospho Antibodies Through Us?
The production laboratory adheres to strict and consistent protocols prior to releasing any of these phospho-specific antibodies:
Standard methods and proper controls in all tests to ensure high quality.
These antibodies are tested and validated in different cell types and species.
High quality control criterion to ensure each batch is consistent, so you will obtain reliable results every time.
FAQ
1. What Are Phospho-Specific Antibodies?
Phospho-specific antibodies are made to detect proteins only when they have a phosphate group linked to a specific amino acid residue. This empowers scientists understand if a protein is "turned on" or active, based on its phosphorylation state.
2. How to Detect Phosphorylated Proteins in a Western Blot?
To find out if a protein is phosphorylated using Western blot:
Use a phospho-specific antibody that binds only to the phosphorylated form of the protein.
You can also use a “regular” antibody for the same amino acid sequence of the protein that the phospho-specific antibody is binding to (but in this case, this antibody will not bind if there is a phosphate group present) in order to compare how much of it is phosphorylated versus how much is non-phosphorylated (or “total” protein, if the “normal” antibody’s epitopes are non-phospho-site-specific).
3. How to Choose the Best Antibody?
Here are some simple tips to help you pick the right antibody:
Know your target
Match your sample characteristics
Confirm the intended use is appropriate
Check “host” and “type”
Check the “quality” of the presented data/images
Appraise whether the available validation meets your needs
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