Phospho-specific antibodies’ typical purpose is to enable researchers to detect changes in proteins. They will exclusively bind to the amino acid sequence on a protein that has been phosphorylated (which is both a physical & chemical change) and do not bind to the same amino acid sequence on said protein if it lacks said phosphorylation. This aids in being able to clearly see and understand the data produced from this particular protein modification.
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human brain tissue using Period Circadian Protein 2 (Phospho-Ser662) antibody. Western blot analysis of extracts from 3T3 cells, treated with PMA (125ng/ml, 30mins), using Period Circadian Protein 2 (Phospho-Ser662) antibody.)
Period Circadian Protein 2 (Phospho-Ser662) Antibody
Gene Names
PER2; FASPS; FASPS1
Reactivity
Human, Mouse
Applications
Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot
Purity
Affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific phosphopeptide. The antibody against non-phosphopeptide was removed by chromatography using non-phosphopeptide corresponding to the phosphorylation site.
WB (Western Blot) (WB of recombinant GFP-PDE5A1 and phospho-PDE5A antibody. Overexpressing cells were treated with or without ANP. 1:500 in antibody dilution in DiluObuffer. Blot was stripped with stripObuffer and reprobed)
Application Data (Immunoprecipitation and Western Blot of Herceptin-2 with IP by and WB with "Please inquire". Lane 3,4) IP by and WB by Apparent MW is 174-175 kDa. Dilutions are for reference only. Applications not listed above are not necessarily precluded from working with this antibody. Investigators intending to use an application that has not been verified can request a complimentary sample.)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of extracts from T47D cells,untreated or treated with NRG,using phospho-ERBB2-S1151(left) or ERBB2 antibody(right).)
DB (Dot Blot) (Dot blot analysis of Phospho-ERBB2-S1151 Antibody Phospho-specific Pab on nitrocellulose membrane. 50ng of Phospho-peptide or Non Phospho-peptide per dot were adsorbed. Antibody working concentrations are 0.6ug per ml.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma tissue using STAT5B (phospho-Ser731) antibody.)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of extracts from RAW264.7 cells, treated with EGF (200ng/ml, 30mins), using STAT5B (phospho-Ser731) antibody.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human cancer tissue reacted with the primary antibody, which was peroxidase-conjugated to the secondary antibody, followed by AEC staining. This data demonstrates the use of this antibody for immunohistochemistry; clinical relevance has not been evaluated. BC = breast carcinoma; HC = hepatocarcinoma.)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of lysates from Raji cellline, untreated or treated with TPA, 200nM, 30min, using (AAA284280)(upper) or Tubulin (lower).)
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Immunofluorescence staining of methanol-fixed Hela cells using cdc25C(Phospho-Ser216) Antibody.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma tissue using cdc25C(Phospho-Ser216) Antibody(left) or the same antibody preincubated with blocking peptide(right).)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of extracts from 293 cells untreated or treated with serum using cdc25C(Phospho-Ser216) Antibody.)
Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot
Purity
Antibodies were produced by immunizing rabbits with synthetic phosphopeptide and KLH conjugates. Antibodies were purified by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific phosphopeptide. Non-phospho specific antibodies were removed by chromatography usin
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Immunofluorescence staining of methanol-fixed Hela cells using Rb(Phospho-Ser780) Antibody.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma tissue using Rb(Phospho-Ser780) Antibody(left) or the same antibody preincubated with blocking peptide(right).)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of extracts from 3T3 cells untreated or treated with UV using Rb(Phospho-Ser780) Antibody.)
Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot
Purity
Antibodies were produced by immunizing rabbits with synthetic phosphopeptide and KLH conjugates. Antibodies were purified by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific phosphopeptide. Non-phospho specific antibodies were removed by chromatography usin
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Immunofluorescence staining of methanol-fixed Hela cells using 14-3-3z(Phospho-Ser58) Antibody.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma tissue using 14-3-3z(Phospho-Ser58) Antibody(left) or the same antibody preincubated with blocking peptide(right).)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of extracts from Hela cells untreated or treated with UV using 14-3-3z(Phospho-Ser58) Antibody.)
Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot
Purity
Antibodies were produced by immunizing rabbits with synthetic phosphopeptide and KLH conjugates. Antibodies were purified by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific phosphopeptide. Non-phospho specific antibodies were removed by chromatography usin
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Immunofluorescence staining of methanol-fixed Hela cells showing cytoplasmic, nuclear, centrosomal, midbody staining using HSP27(Phospho-Ser78) Antibody.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma tissue using HSP27(Phospho-Ser78) Antibody(left) or the same antibody preincubated with blocking peptide(right).)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of extracts from HL60 cells untreated or treated with UV using HSP27(Phospho-Ser78) Antibody.)
Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot
Purity
Antibodies were produced by immunizing rabbits with synthetic phosphopeptide and KLH conjugates. Antibodies were purified by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific phosphopeptide. Non-phospho specific antibodies were removed by chromatography usin
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human brain tissue using MAPKAPK2 (Phospho-Ser272) antibody (left)or the same antibody preincubated with blocking peptide (right).)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of extracts from RAW264.7 cells treated with UV using MAPKAPK2 (Phospho-Ser272) Antibody.The lane on the right is treated with the antigen-specific peptide.)
Antibodies were produced by immunizing rabbits with synthetic phosphopeptide and KLH conjugates. Antibodies were purified by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific phosphopeptide. Non-phospho specific antibodies were removed by chromatography usin
DB (Dot Blot) (STAT2 phospho Tyr689 pAb tested by dot blot analysis. Dot blot analysis was used to confirm the specificity of STAT2 phospho Tyr689 pAb for STAT2 phospho Tyr689. Phosphorylated peptides corresponding to the immunogen and related peptides were spotted onto PVDF and probed with the antibody at 1:10,000. The amount of peptide (picomoles) spotted is indicated next to each row. Lane 1: Unmodified Ser727 STAT1 peptide. Lane 2: Phospho Ser727 STAT1 peptide. Lane 3: Unmodified Tyr689 STAT2 peptide. Lane 4: Phospho Tyr689 STAT2 peptide. Lane 5: Unmodified Ser727 STAT3 peptide. Lane 6: Phospho Ser727 STAT3 peptide. Lane 7: Unmodified Tyr705 STAT3 peptide. Lane 8: Phospho Tyr705 STAT3 peptide. Lane 9: Unmodified Ser726 STAT5A/Ser731 STAT5B peptide. Lane 10: Phospho Ser726 STAT5A/Ser731 STAT5B peptide. Lane 11: Unmodified Tyr694 STAT5A/Tyr699 STAT5B peptide. Lane 12: Phospho Tyr694 STAT5A/Tyr699 STAT5B peptide.)
WB (Western Blot) (STAT2 phospho Tyr689 pAb tested by Western blot. HeLa whole-cell extract (20 ug per lane) was probed with STAT2 phospho Tyr689 pAb (1:500). Lane 1: No treatment. Lane 2: Cells treated with IFNa (2500 units/ml for 30 minutes).)
DB (Dot Blot) (STAT1 phospho Ser727 pAb tested by Dot blot. Dot blot analysis was used to confirm the specificity of 39633 for STAT1 phospho Ser727. Phosphorylated peptides corresponding to the immunogen and related peptides were spotted onto PVDF and probed with 39633 at 1:500. The amount of peptide (picomoles) spotted is indicated next to each row. Lane 1: unmodified Ser727 STAT1 peptide. Lane 2: phospho Ser727 STAT1 peptide. Lane 3: unmodified Tyr689 STAT2 peptide. Lane 4: phospho Tyr689 STAT2 peptide. Lane 5: unmodified Ser727 STAT3 peptide. Lane 6: phospho Ser727 STAT3 peptide. Lane 7: unmodified Tyr705 STAT3 peptide. Lane 8: phospho Tyr705 STAT3 peptide. Lane 9: unmodified Ser726 STAT5A/Ser731 STAT5B peptide. Lane 10: phospho Ser726 STAT5A/Ser731 STAT5B peptide. Lane 11: unmodified Tyr694 STAT5A/Tyr699 STAT5B peptide. Lane 12: phospho Tyr694 STAT5A/Tyr699 STAT5B)
WB (Western Blot) (STAT1 phospho Ser727 pAb tested by Western blot. Lanes 1&4: Untreated HeLa whole-cell extract (20 ug). Lane 2&5: Whole-cell extract (20 ug) of HeLa cells treated with IFNa (2500U/ml for 30 min.). Lanes 3&6: Whole-cell extract (20 ug) of COS-7 cells treated with IFNg (1000U/ml for 15 min.). Lanes 1-3 were probed with at 1:500. Lanes 4-6 probed with (STAT1 alpha pAb) at 1:1000.)
DB (Dot Blot) (RNA pol II CTD phospho Ser5 pAb tested by dot blot analysis. Dot blot analysis was used to confirm the specificity of RNA pol II CTD phospho Ser5 antibody for phospho-Ser5 of the RNA Pol II C-terminal domain heptad repeat. Modified and unmodified peptides were spotted onto PVDF and probed with the antibody at a dilution of 0.2 ug/ml. Decreasing amounts of peptide were spotted in each row. Lane 1: Peptide phosphorylated at CTD repeat serine 2. Lane 2: Unmodified CTD repeat serine 2 peptide. Lane 3: Peptide phosphorylated at CTD repeat serine 5. Lane 4: Unmodified CTD repeat serine 5 peptide.)
WB (Western Blot) (RNA pol II CTD phospho Ser5 antibody tested by Western blot. Nuclear extract of HeLa cells (20 ug) probed with RNA pol II CTD phospho Ser5 antibody at a dilution of 0.5 ug/ml.)
ChIP (Chromatin Immunoprecipitation) (RNA pol II CTD phospho Ser5 antibody tested by ChIP analysis. Chromatin IP performed using the ChIP-IT Express Kit and HeLa Chromatin (1.5 x 106 cell equivalents per ChIP) using 10 ug of RNA pol II CTD phospho Ser5 antibody or the equivalent amount of rabbit IgG as a negative control. Real time, quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed on DNA purified from each of the ChIP reactions using a primer pair specific for the PABPC1 gene. Data are presented as Fold Enrichment of the ChIP antibody signal versus the negative control IgG (arbitrarily assigned a value of 1) using the ddCT method.)
ChIP (Chromatin Immunoprecipitation) (RNA pol II CTD phospho Ser5 antibody (pAb) tested by ChIP-Seq. ChIP was performed using the ChIP-IT High Sensitivity Kit with chromatin from 2.3 million HL-60 cells and 4 ul of antibody. ChIP DNA was sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq and 26 million sequence tags were mapped to identify RNA pol II phospho Ser5 binding. The image shows a 1.2 million base pair region on chromosome 15 with the expected enrichment at gene promoters.)
DB (Dot Blot) (CENP-A phospho Ser18 antibody (pAb) tested by dot blot analysis. Dot blot analysis was used to confirm the specificity of CENP-A phospho Ser18 antibody. Peptides corresponding to the immunogen and related proteins were spotted onto PVDF and probed with the antibody at 1:750. The amount of peptide (picomoles) spotted is indicated next to each row. Lane 1: CENP-A phospho Ser 16 and phospho Ser18. Lane 2: CENP-A unmodified. Lane 3: CENP-A phospho Ser 16. Lane 4: CENP-A phospho Ser 18.)
WB (Western Blot) (CENP-A phospho Ser18 antibody (pAb) tested by Western blot. Top: Recombinant CENP-A (20 ng) was probed with CENP-A phospho Ser18 antibody (1:100 dilution) (A) or with anti-centromere antibody (ACA) (B). CENP-A phospho Ser18 antibody does not detect recombinant CENP-A. Bottom: HeLa nuclear extract (20 ug) was probed with CENP-A phospho Ser18 antibody (1:250 dilution). Lane 1: CENP-A phospho-Ser18 antibody. Lane 2: anti-centromere antibody (ACA).)
IF (Immunofluorescence) (CENP-A phospho Ser18 antibody (pAb) tested by immunofluorescence. Detection of CENP-A phospho Ser18 by immunofluorescence. HeLa cells were stained with CENP-A phospho Ser18 antibody at a 1:100 dilution. Green: CENP-A phospho Ser18 antibody (pAb) Blue: DAPI)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining MSK1 (phospho S376) in 293 cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining MSK1 (phospho S376) in PC-3M cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining MSK1 (phospho S376) in LO2 cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining MSK1 (phospho S376) in Hela cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse bladder tissue using anti-MSK1 (phospho S376) antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining phospho -SHP2 (Y542) in B-6F1 cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of phospho -SHP2 (Y542) on NIH/3T3 lysates using anti- phospho -SHP2 (Y542) antibody at 1/1, 000 dilution.)
FCM/FACS (Flow Cytometry) (Flow cytometric analysis of MCF-7 cells with phospho-c-Myc (T58) antibody at 1/50 dilution (red) compared with an unlabelled control (cells without incubation with primary antibody; black). Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti rabbit IgG was used as the secondary antibody)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining phospho-c-Myc (T58) in SKOV-3 cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining phospho-c-Myc (T58) in Hela cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining Phospho-EGFR (S695) in A431 cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining Phospho-EGFR (S695) in HUVEC cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining Phospho-EGFR (S695) in A549 cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining Phospho-AMPK alpha 1 (S496) in 293T cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining Phospho-AMPK alpha 1 (S496) in A549 cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining Phospho-AMPK alpha 1 (S496) in Hela cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of Phospho-AMPK alpha 1 (S496) on 293T cells lysates using anti-Phospho-AMPK alpha 1 (S496) antibody at 1/1, 000 dilution.)
FCM/FACS (Flow Cytometry) (Flow cytometric analysis of 293 cells with Phospho-SIRT1 (T530) antibody at 1/50 dilution (red) compared with an unlabelled control (cells without incubation with primary antibody; black). Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti rabbit IgG was used as the secondary antibody.)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining Phospho-SIRT1 (T530) in 293 cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining Phospho-SIRT1 (T530) in Hela cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining Phospho-SIRT1 (T530) in HepG2 cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human kidney tissue using anti-Phospho-SIRT1 (T530) antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.)
DB (Dot Blot) (Dot blot analysis of anti-Phospho-TERT-pY707 Antibody on nitrocellulose membrane. 50ng of Phospho-peptide or Non Phospho-peptide per dot were adsorbed. Antibody working concentrations are 0.5ug per ml.)
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of Phospho-TERT-pY707 Antibody with Hela cell followed by Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit lgG (green). Actin filaments have been labeled with Alexa Fluor 555 phalloidin (red).DAPI was used to stain the cell nuclear (blue).)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of extracts from A431 cells,untreated or treated with EGF,100ng/ml?using phospho ErbB2-Y1222 (left) or ErbB2 antibody(right))
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of extracts from A431 cells,untreated or treated with EGF,100ng/ml?using phospho ErbB2-Y1222 (left) or ErbB2 antibody(right))
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human cancer tissue reacted with the primary antibody, which was peroxidase-conjugated to the secondary antibody, followed by AEC staining. This data demonstrates the use of this antibody for immunohistochemistry; clinical relevance has not been evaluated. BC = breast carcinoma; HC = hepatocarcinoma.)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of anti-hp53 Pab in A2058 cell line lysate. hp53(arrow) was detected using the purified Pab.)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining Phospho-Histone H1.3 (T17)+Histone H1.4 (T17) in CRC cells (green). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining Phospho-Histone H1.3 (T17)+Histone H1.4 (T17) in NIH/3T3 cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
IHC (Immunohistochemisry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse colon cancer tissue using anti-Phospho-Histone H1.3 (T17)+Histone H1.4 (T17) antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human colon cancer tissue using anti-Phospho-Histone H1.3 (T17)+Histone H1.4 (T17) antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of Phospho-Histone H1.3 (T17)+Histone H1.4 (T17) on CRC cell lysates using anti-Phospho-Histone H1.3 (T17)+Histone H1.4 (T17) antibody at 1/500 dilution. Positive control: Lane 1: Untreated CRC whole cell lysates Lane2: CRC cells treated with 1.5ug/ml Colcemid for 12 hours whole cell lysates)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining Phospho-JAK2 (Y1007+Y1008) in Hela cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
IHC (Immunohistochemisry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human tonsil tissue using anti-Phospho-JAK2 (Y1007+Y1008) antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse spleen tissue using anti-Phospho-JAK2 (Y1007+Y1008) antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human spleen tissue using anti-Phospho-JAK2 (Y1007+Y1008) antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining Phospho-Akt1 (Ser473) in NIH/3T3 cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse lung tissue using anti-Phospho-Akt1 (Ser473) antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of Phospho-Akt1 (Ser473) on different lysates using anti-Phospho-Akt1 (Ser473) antibody at 1/1, 000 dilution. Positive control: Lane 1: NIH/3T3 treated with PDGF Lane 2: NIH/3T3 untreated)
ICC (Immunocytochemistry) (ICC staining Phospho-PP2A (pY307) in PC12 cells (green). The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue). Cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, permeabilised with 0.25% Triton X100/PBS.)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse pancreas tissue using anti-Phospho-PP2A (pY307) antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.)
IHC (Immunohistochemisry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse brain tissue using anti-Phospho-PP2A (pY307) antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human pancreas tissue using anti-Phospho-PP2A (pY307) antibody. Counter stained with hematoxylin.)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of Phospho-PP2A (pY307) on different lysates using anti-Phospho-PP2A (pY307) antibody at 1/1, 000 dilution. Positive control: Lane 1: A431 Lane 2: F9 Lane 3: PC12)
Antibodies were produced by immunizing rabbits with synthetic peptide and KLH conjugates. Antibodies were purified by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific peptide.
Pricing
What Are Phospho Antibodies?
Protein phosphorylation is a process where a phosphate group is added to certain amino acid residues of a protein – usually serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y) - by enzymes called kinases. This process is integral in controlling cellular signaling, cellular growth, and other biological functions.
Our catalog includes a wide range of phospho-specific antibodies that can accurately detect this important marker. They perform strongly in widely-used laboratory applications such as Western blot, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence microscopy. We value your trust in us and are committed to providing top-quality products and services. All of our antibodies are guaranteed to work for the applications and species indicated on our website & associated product pages.
What Are The Key Applications of Phospho Antibodies?
1. Western Blotting
One of the first steps a researcher can take in utilizing these phospho-specific antibodies, is to check if the antibody works using a technique referred to as “Western blot”. For those unfamiliar, Western Blot aids in showing whether the protein that the antibody recognizes is appearing at the correct/expected size. These phospho-specific antibodies should also be able to detect changes in the target protein’s phosphorylation (on/off state) when cells are stimulated in certain ways.
2. Staining of Fixed Cells (Immunocytochemistry)
Another routine use of these phospho-specific antibodies, is to test if the antibody is able to demonstrate similar performance when used on fixed cells (intact cells that have been preserved) as it did in the Western blot tests. It is an important aspect in many cases to confirm that the antibody works in actual intact cell samples. Ideally, the method used for cellular fixation should be the same as what is used in pathology labs (like using 10% formalin). To check if the antibody works well in tissue sections (FFPE), researchers will often test it on fixed cells that are processed similar to tissue samples.
3. Specificity Tests Using Peptides
In order to make sure that the antibody is only binding to the right target:
Laboratory technicians will mix the antibody with phospho-peptides (short segments of the protein containing the phosphate group modification).
If the antibody signal disappears, it is confirmation that it is binding to the correct phosphorylated location.
A more robust test is to use both the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated (dephosphorylated) versions of the protein. The antibody should react only with the phosphorylated one.
Another method sometimes utilized is to treat the sample with an enzyme, such as alkaline phosphatase, that specifically removes phosphate groups. If the antibody signal disappears after this, it also confirms specificity.
4. Genetic Confirmation
As a final step, scientists can genetically manipulate the nucleotide sequence and alter the target protein by removing the exact site where phosphorylation happens. If the antibody no longer appears to detect the modified protein, it is strong evidence supporting the antibody being specific for that phosphorylated site.
Why Buy Phospho Antibodies Through Us?
The production laboratory adheres to strict and consistent protocols prior to releasing any of these phospho-specific antibodies:
Standard methods and proper controls in all tests to ensure high quality.
These antibodies are tested and validated in different cell types and species.
High quality control criterion to ensure each batch is consistent, so you will obtain reliable results every time.
FAQ
1. What Are Phospho-Specific Antibodies?
Phospho-specific antibodies are made to detect proteins only when they have a phosphate group linked to a specific amino acid residue. This empowers scientists understand if a protein is "turned on" or active, based on its phosphorylation state.
2. How to Detect Phosphorylated Proteins in a Western Blot?
To find out if a protein is phosphorylated using Western blot:
Use a phospho-specific antibody that binds only to the phosphorylated form of the protein.
You can also use a “regular” antibody for the same amino acid sequence of the protein that the phospho-specific antibody is binding to (but in this case, this antibody will not bind if there is a phosphate group present) in order to compare how much of it is phosphorylated versus how much is non-phosphorylated (or “total” protein, if the “normal” antibody’s epitopes are non-phospho-site-specific).
3. How to Choose the Best Antibody?
Here are some simple tips to help you pick the right antibody:
Know your target
Match your sample characteristics
Confirm the intended use is appropriate
Check “host” and “type”
Check the “quality” of the presented data/images
Appraise whether the available validation meets your needs
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