Phospho-specific antibodies’ typical purpose is to enable researchers to detect changes in proteins. They will exclusively bind to the amino acid sequence on a protein that has been phosphorylated (which is both a physical & chemical change) and do not bind to the same amino acid sequence on said protein if it lacks said phosphorylation. This aids in being able to clearly see and understand the data produced from this particular protein modification.
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Immunofluorescence staining of methanol-fixed Hela cells using IkB-a(Phospho-Ser32/Ser36) Antibody.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma tissue using IkB-a(Phospho-Ser32/Ser36) Antibody(left) or the same antibody preincubated with blocking peptide(right).)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of extracts from Hela cells untreated or treated with TNF using IkB-a(Phospho-Ser32/Ser36) Antibody.)
Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot
Purity
Antibodies were produced by immunizing rabbits with synthetic phosphopeptide and KLH conjugates. Antibodies were purified by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific phosphopeptide. Non-phospho specific antibodies were removed by chromatography usin
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma tissue using OSR1 (Phospho-Thr185) antibody (left)or the same antibody preincubated with blocking peptide (right).)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of extracts from HepG2 cells treated with serum using OSR1 (Phospho-Thr185) Antibody.The lane on the right is treated with the antigen-specific peptide.)
Antibodies were produced by immunizing rabbits with synthetic phosphopeptide and KLH conjugates. Antibodies were purified by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific phosphopeptide. Non-phospho specific antibodies were removed by chromatography usin
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma tissue using FOS (Phospho-Thr232) antibody (left)or the same antibody preincubated with blocking peptide (right).)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of extracts from COS7 cells (Lane 2), using FOS (Phospho-Thr232) Antibody. The lane on the left is treated with antigen-specific peptide.)
Antibodies were produced by immunizing rabbits with synthetic phosphopeptide and KLH conjugates. Antibodies were purified by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific phosphopeptide. Non-phospho specific antibodies were removed by chromatography usin
IP (Immunoprecipitation) (Detection of human Phospho RNA Polymerase II (S2) by western blot of immunoprecipitates. Samples: Whole cell lysate (1 mg for IP; 20% of IP loaded) prepared using NETN buffer from 293T cells. Antibodies: RNA Polymerase II was immunoprecipitated using rabbit anti-RNA Polymerase II antibody Following immunoprecipitation the product of the IP reaction was mock treated (-) or treated with phosphatases (+). Affinity purified rabbit anti-Phospho RNA Polymerase II (S2) antibody AAA212674 was used for WB at 1 ug/ml (upper panel). To examine total RNA Polymerase II, the blot was stripped and then blotted with rabbit anti-RNA Polymerase II antibody (lower panel). Detection: Chemiluminescence with exposure times of 30 seconds (upper panel) and 15 seconds (lower panel).)
IP (Immunoprecipitation) (Detection of human Phospho RNA Polymerase II (S2) by western blot of immunoprecipitates. Samples: Whole cell lysate (1 mg for IP; 20% of IP loaded) prepared using NETN buffer from 293T cells. Antibodies: Affinity purified rabbit anti-Phospho RNA Polymerase II (S2) antibody AAA212674 (lot AAA212674-1) used for IP at 6 ug per reaction. Phospho RNA Polymerase II was also immunoprecipitated by rabbit anti-Phospho RNA Polymerase II antibodies)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Detection of human Phospho RNA Polymerase II (S2) by immunohistochemistry. Sample: FFPE section of human ovarian carcinoma. Antibody: Affinity purified rabbit anti-Phospho RNA Polymerase II (S2) (Cat. No. AAA212674 Lot1) used at a dilution of 1:5,000 (0.2ug/ml). Detection: DAB)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Detection of mouse Phospho RNA Polymerase II (S2) by immunohistochemistry. Sample: FFPE section of mouse renal cell carcinoma. Antibody: Affinity purified rabbit anti-Phospho RNA Polymerase II (S2) (Cat. No. AAA212674 Lot1) used at a dilution of 1:5,000 (0.2ug/ml). Detection: DAB)
WB (Western Blot) (Detection of human Phospho SMC1 (S957) by western blot. Samples: Whole cell lysate (50 ug) from 293T cells treated with 100 uM etoposide for 2 hours (+) or mock treated (-) cells. Antibodies: Affinity purified rabbit anti-Phospho SMC1 (S957) antibody AAA212520 (lot AAA212520-1) used for WB at 0.1 ug/ml. Detection: Chemiluminescence with an exposure time of 30 seconds. Lower panel shows western blot for total SMC1 using affinity purified rabbit anti-SMC1 antibody at 0.1 ug/ml with an exposure time of 30 seconds.)
IP (Immunoprecipitation) (Detection of human Phospho SMC1 (S957) by western blot of immunoprecipitates. Samples: Whole cell lysate (1 mg for IP; 20% of IP loaded) from 293T cells treated with 100 uM etoposide for 2 hours (+) or mock treated (-) cells. Antibodies: Phospho SMC1 (S957) was immunoprecipitated using affinity purified rabbit anti-Phospho SMC1 (S957) antibody AAA212520 (lot AAA212520-1) at 6 ug/mg lysate. Total SMC1 was immunoprecipitated using rabbit anti-SMC1 antibody at 6 ug/mg lysate. Phospho SMC1 (S957) was blotted using AAA212520 at 0.1 ug/ml (upper panel). Total SMC1 was blotted using at 0.1 ug/ml (lower panel). Detection: Chemiluminescence with exposure times of 30 seconds.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Detection of mouse Phospho SMC1 (S957) by immunohistochemistry. Sample: FFPE section of mouse teratoma. Antibody: Affinity purified rabbit anti-Phospho SMC1 (S957) (Cat. No. AAA212520 Lot1) used at a dilution of 1:1,000 (1ug/ml). Detection: DAB)
IHC (Immunohistochemistry) (Detection of human Phospho SMC1 (S957) by immunohistochemistry. Sample: FFPE section of human ovarian carcinoma. Antibody: Affinity purified rabbit anti-Phospho SMC1 (S957) (Cat. No. AAA212520 Lot1) used at a dilution of 1:5,000 (0.2ug/ml). Detection: DAB)
DB (Dot Blot) (Dot blot analysis of ULK1 Antibody (Phospho S556) Phospho-specific Pab on nitrocellulose membrane. 50ng of Phospho-peptide or Non Phospho-peptide per dot were adsorbed. Antibody working concentrations are 0.6ug per ml.)
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Fluorescent image of U251 cells stained with ULK1 (phospho S556) antibody. U251 cells were treated with Chloroquine (50 uM,16h), then fixed with 4% PFA (20 min), permeabilized with Triton X-100 (0.2%, 30 min). Cells were then incubated with AAA287037 ULK1 (phospho S556) primary antibody (1:200, 2 h at room temperature). For secondary antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated donkey anti-rabbit antibody (green) was used (1:1000, 1h). Nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst 33342 (blue) (10 ug/ml, 5 min). ULK1 (phospho S556) immunoreactivity is localized to autophagic vacuoles in the cytoplasm of U251 cells.)
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of Phospho-MUC1-T1224 Antibody (AAA287489) with Hela cell followed by Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit lgG (green). Actin filaments have been labeled with Alexa Fluor 555 phalloidin (red).)
DB (Dot Blot) (Dot blot analysis of anti-Phospho-MUC1-pT1224 Phospho-specific Pab (AAA287489) on nitrocellulose membrane. 50ng of Phospho-peptide or Non Phospho-peptide per dot were adsorbed. Antibody working concentrations are 0.5ug per ml.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human cancer tissue reacted with the primary antibody, which was peroxidase-conjugated to the secondary antibody, followed by AEC staining. This data demonstrates the use of this antibody for immunohistochemistry; clinical relevance has not been evaluated. BC = breast carcinoma; HC = hepatocarcinoma.)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of anti-Phospho-H3-pS10 Pab in CEM cell line lysate (35ug/lane). Phospho-H3-pS10(arrow) was detected using the purified Pab.)
Antibodies were produced by immunizing rabbits with synthetic phosphopeptide and KLH conjugates. Antibodies were purified by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific phosphopeptide. Non-phospho specific antibodies were removed by chromatogramphy usi
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Immunofluorescence staining of methanol-fixed Hela cells using G3BP-1(Phospho-Ser232) Antibody.)
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human breast carcinoma tissue using G3BP-1(Phospho-Ser232) Antibody (left) or the same antibody preincubated with blocking peptide(right).)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of extracts from 293 cells untreated or treated with starvation using G3BP-1(Phospho-Ser232) Antibody.)
Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot
Purity
Antibodies were produced by immunizing rabbits with synthetic phosphopeptide and KLH conjugates. Antibodies were purified by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific phosphopeptide. Non-phospho specific antibodies were removed by chromatogramphy usi
IF (Immunofluorescence) (Immunofluorescence staining of methanol-fixed HeLa cells using CARM1 (Phospho-Ser228) antibody (, Red).)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of extracts from A431 cells untreated or treated with EGF (200ng/ml, 5min), using CARM1 (Ab-228) antibody (#21331, Line 1 and 2) and CARM1 (Phospho-Ser228) antibody (, Line 3 and 4).)
Antibodies were produced by immunizing rabbits with synthetic phosphopeptide and KLH conjugates. Antibodies were purified by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific phosphopeptide. Non-phospho specific antibodies were removed by chromatogramphy usi
Antibodies were produced by immunizing rabbits with synthetic phosphopeptide and KLH conjugates. Antibodies were purified by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific phosphopeptide. Non-phospho specific antibodies were removed by chromatogramphy usi
IHC (Immunohiostchemistry) (Immunohistochemistry analysis of paraffin-embedded human colon carcinoma tissue using WAVE1 (Phospho-Tyr125) antibody. The picture on the right is treated with the synthesized peptide.)
WB (Western Blot) (Western blot analysis of extracts from NIH/3T3 cells, treated with Insulin (0.01U/ml, 15mins), using WAVE1 (Phospho-Tyr125) antibody. The lane on the right is treated with the synthesized peptide.)
Antibodies were produced by immunizing rabbits with synthetic phosphopeptide and KLH conjugates. Antibodies were purified by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific phosphopeptide. Non-phospho specific antibodies were removed by chromatogramphy usi
Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot
Pricing
What Are Phospho Antibodies?
Protein phosphorylation is a process where a phosphate group is added to certain amino acid residues of a protein – usually serine (S), threonine (T), or tyrosine (Y) - by enzymes called kinases. This process is integral in controlling cellular signaling, cellular growth, and other biological functions.
Our catalog includes a wide range of phospho-specific antibodies that can accurately detect this important marker. They perform strongly in widely-used laboratory applications such as Western blot, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence microscopy. We value your trust in us and are committed to providing top-quality products and services. All of our antibodies are guaranteed to work for the applications and species indicated on our website & associated product pages.
What Are The Key Applications of Phospho Antibodies?
1. Western Blotting
One of the first steps a researcher can take in utilizing these phospho-specific antibodies, is to check if the antibody works using a technique referred to as “Western blot”. For those unfamiliar, Western Blot aids in showing whether the protein that the antibody recognizes is appearing at the correct/expected size. These phospho-specific antibodies should also be able to detect changes in the target protein’s phosphorylation (on/off state) when cells are stimulated in certain ways.
2. Staining of Fixed Cells (Immunocytochemistry)
Another routine use of these phospho-specific antibodies, is to test if the antibody is able to demonstrate similar performance when used on fixed cells (intact cells that have been preserved) as it did in the Western blot tests. It is an important aspect in many cases to confirm that the antibody works in actual intact cell samples. Ideally, the method used for cellular fixation should be the same as what is used in pathology labs (like using 10% formalin). To check if the antibody works well in tissue sections (FFPE), researchers will often test it on fixed cells that are processed similar to tissue samples.
3. Specificity Tests Using Peptides
In order to make sure that the antibody is only binding to the right target:
Laboratory technicians will mix the antibody with phospho-peptides (short segments of the protein containing the phosphate group modification).
If the antibody signal disappears, it is confirmation that it is binding to the correct phosphorylated location.
A more robust test is to use both the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated (dephosphorylated) versions of the protein. The antibody should react only with the phosphorylated one.
Another method sometimes utilized is to treat the sample with an enzyme, such as alkaline phosphatase, that specifically removes phosphate groups. If the antibody signal disappears after this, it also confirms specificity.
4. Genetic Confirmation
As a final step, scientists can genetically manipulate the nucleotide sequence and alter the target protein by removing the exact site where phosphorylation happens. If the antibody no longer appears to detect the modified protein, it is strong evidence supporting the antibody being specific for that phosphorylated site.
Why Buy Phospho Antibodies Through Us?
The production laboratory adheres to strict and consistent protocols prior to releasing any of these phospho-specific antibodies:
Standard methods and proper controls in all tests to ensure high quality.
These antibodies are tested and validated in different cell types and species.
High quality control criterion to ensure each batch is consistent, so you will obtain reliable results every time.
FAQ
1. What Are Phospho-Specific Antibodies?
Phospho-specific antibodies are made to detect proteins only when they have a phosphate group linked to a specific amino acid residue. This empowers scientists understand if a protein is "turned on" or active, based on its phosphorylation state.
2. How to Detect Phosphorylated Proteins in a Western Blot?
To find out if a protein is phosphorylated using Western blot:
Use a phospho-specific antibody that binds only to the phosphorylated form of the protein.
You can also use a “regular” antibody for the same amino acid sequence of the protein that the phospho-specific antibody is binding to (but in this case, this antibody will not bind if there is a phosphate group present) in order to compare how much of it is phosphorylated versus how much is non-phosphorylated (or “total” protein, if the “normal” antibody’s epitopes are non-phospho-site-specific).
3. How to Choose the Best Antibody?
Here are some simple tips to help you pick the right antibody:
Know your target
Match your sample characteristics
Confirm the intended use is appropriate
Check “host” and “type”
Check the “quality” of the presented data/images
Appraise whether the available validation meets your needs
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